^ — “Power of” operator.
Arithmetic operators perform operations of change-sign (negate), don't-change-sign, logical AND logical OR, add, subtract, multiply and divide. Note that a value or an expression may fall between two of these operators, either of which could take it as its left or right argument, as in
a + b * c.
In such cases three rules apply:
1. * and / bind to their neighbors more strongly than + and −. Thus the above expression is taken as
a + (b * c)
with * taking b and c and then + taking a and b * c.
2. + and − bind more strongly than &&, which in turn is stronger than ||:
a && b - c || d
is taken as
(a && (b - c)) || d
3. When both operators bind equally strongly, the operations are done left to right:
a - b - c
is taken as
(a - b) - c
Parentheses may be used as above to force particular groupings.
The operator ^ raises a to the b power. b may not be audio-rate. Use with caution as precedence may not work correctly. See pow. (New in Csound version 3.493.)
Here is an example of the ^ operator. It uses the file raises.csd.
Example 30. Example of the ^ operator.
See the sections Real-time Audio and Command Line Flags for more information on using command line flags.
<CsoundSynthesizer> <CsOptions> ; Select audio/midi flags here according to platform -odac ;;;realtime audio out ;-iadc ;;;uncomment -iadc if RT audio input is needed too ; For Non-realtime ouput leave only the line below: ;-o ^.wav ; output to audio file </CsOptions> <CsInstruments> sr = 44100 ksmps = 32 nchnls = 2 0dbfs = 1 instr 1 ; Lo-Fi sound kpow = 10 ;exponent kbase line 1, p3, 2.2 ;vary the base kQuantize = kbase^kpow kQuantize = kQuantize*0.5 ;half the number of steps for each side of a bipolar signal printk2 kQuantize asig diskin2 "fox.wav", 1, 0, 1 ;loop the fox asig = round(asig * kQuantize) / kQuantize ;quantize and scale audio signal outs asig, asig endin </CsInstruments> <CsScore> i1 0 19.2 e </CsScore> </CsoundSynthesizer>
Its output should include lines like these:
i1 0.50000 i1 0.50021 i1 0.50042 ...... i1 1327.49320 i1 1327.74465