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linenr

The linen opcode extended with a final release segment.

linenr -- same as linen except that the final segment is entered only on sensing a MIDI note release. The note is then extended by the decay time.

Syntax

ares = linenr(xamp, irise, idec, iatdec)
kres = linenr(kamp, irise, idec, iatdec)

ares linenr xamp, irise, idec, iatdec
kres linenr kamp, irise, idec, iatdec

Initialization

irise -- rise time in seconds. A zero or negative value signifies no rise modification.

idec -- decay time in seconds. Zero means no decay.

iatdec -- attenuation factor by which the closing steady state value is reduced exponentially over the decay period. This value must be positive and is normally of the order of .01. A large or excessively small value is apt to produce a cutoff which is audible. A zero or negative value is illegal.

Performance

kamp, xamp -- input amplitude signal.

linenr is unique within Csound in containing a note-off sensor and release time extender. When it senses either a score event termination or a MIDI noteoff, it will immediately extend the performance time of the current instrument by idec seconds, then execute an exponential decay towards the factor iatdec. For two or more units in an instrument, extension is by the greatest idec.

You can use other pre-made envelopes which start a release segment upon receiving a note off message, like linsegr and expsegr, or you can construct more complex envelopes using xtratim and release. Note that you don't need to use xtratim if you are using linenr, since the time is extended automatically.

These “r” units can also be modified by MIDI noteoff velocities (see veloffs).

Examples

Here is an example of the linenr opcode. It uses the file linenr.csd.

Example of the linenr opcode.
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<CsoundSynthesizer>
<CsOptions>
; Select audio/midi flags here according to platform
; Audio out   Audio in
-odac           -iadc       -M0 ;;;RT audio I/O with MIDI in
</CsOptions>
<CsInstruments>

; Example by Jonathan Murphy and Charles Gran 2007
  sr        =  44100
  ksmps     =  10
  nchnls    =  2

        ; new, and important. Make sure that midi note events are only
        ; received by instruments that actually need them.

        ; turn default midi routing off
        massign         0, 0
        ; route note events on channel 1 to instr 1
        massign         1, 1

; Define your midi controllers
#define C1 #21#
#define C2 #22#
#define C3 #23#

; Initialize MIDI controllers
            initc7    1, 21, 0.5                  ;delay send
            initc7    1, 22, 0.5                  ;delay: time to zero
            initc7    1, 23, 0.5                  ;delay: rate 

  gaosc     init      0

; Define an opcode to "smooth" the MIDI controller signal
    opcode smooth, k, k
  kin       xin
  kport     linseg    0, 0.0001, 0.01, 1, 0.01
  kin       portk     kin, kport
            xout      kin
    endop

instr   1  
 ; Generate a sine wave at the frequency of the MIDI note that triggered the intrument
  ifqc      cpsmidi
  iamp      ampmidi   10000
  aenv      linenr    iamp, .01, .1, .01          ;envelope
  a1        oscil     aenv, ifqc, 1
; All sound goes to the global variable gaosc
  gaosc     =  gaosc + a1
    endin

    instr     198 ; ECHO
  kcmbsnd   ctrl7     1, 21, 0, 1                 ;delay send
  ktime     ctrl7     1, 22, 0.01, 6              ;time loop fades out
  kloop     ctrl7     1, 23, 0.01, 1              ;loop speed
; Receive MIDI controller values and then smooth them
  kcmbsnd   smooth    kcmbsnd
  ktime     smooth    ktime
  kloop     smooth    kloop

  imaxlpt   =  1                                  ;max loop time
; Create a variable reverberation (delay) of the gaosc signal
  acomb     vcomb     gaosc, ktime, kloop, imaxlpt, 1
  aout      =  (acomb * kcmbsnd) + gaosc * (1 - kcmbsnd)
            outs      aout, aout
  gaosc     =  0
    endin

</CsInstruments>

<CsScore>
f1 0 16384 10 1
i198 0 10000
e
</CsScore>
</CsoundSynthesizer>

See Also

Envelope Generators