% — Modulus operator.
Arithmetic operators perform operations of change-sign (negate), don't-change-sign, logical AND logical OR, add, subtract, multiply and divide. Note that a value or an expression may fall between two of these operators, either of which could take it as its left or right argument, as in
a + b * c.
In such cases three rules apply:
1. * and / bind to their neighbors more strongly than + and −. Thus the above expression is taken as
a + (b * c)
with * taking b and c and then + taking a and b * c.
2. + and − bind more strongly than &&, which in turn is stronger than ||:
a && b - c || d
is taken as
(a && (b - c)) || d
3. When both operators bind equally strongly, the operations are done left to right:
a - b - c
is taken as
(a - b) - c
Parentheses may be used as above to force particular groupings.
The operator % returns the value of a reduced by b, so that the result, in absolute value, is less than the absolute value of b, by repeated subtraction. This is technically a remainder, like the % operator in C and similar languages, and not actually a modulus. New in Csound version 3.50.
The arguments of % can be scalar values or k-rate one dimensional arrays (vectors), or any combination. If one of the arguments is an array, so is the value.
Here is an example of the % operator. It uses the file modulus.csd.
Example 17. Example of the % operator.
See the sections Real-time Audio and Command Line Flags for more information on using command line flags.
<CsoundSynthesizer> <CsOptions> ; Select audio/midi flags here according to platform -odac -Ma --midi-key=4 --midi-velocity-amp=5 -m0 ;;;realtime audio out and midi in ;-iadc ;;;uncomment -iadc if realtime audio input is needed too ; For Non-realtime ouput leave only the line below: ; -o %.wav -W ;;; for file output any platform </CsOptions> <CsInstruments> sr = 44100 ksmps = 32 nchnls = 2 0dbfs = 1 giScale ftgen 1, 0, -12, -2, 0, -34, -7, 10, -14, 3, -21, -3, -27, -10, 7, -17 ;12 note scale with detuned keys instr 1 ikey = p4 ivel = p5 indx = ikey % 12 ;work on the twelftone scale icent tab_i indx, giScale ;load the scale ifreqeq = cpsmidinn(ikey) ifreq = ifreqeq * cent(icent) ;change frequency by cents from table prints "Key %d modulus 12 = %d. ", ikey, indx prints "Equal-tempered frequency of this key = %f,", ifreqeq prints " but here with cent deviation %d = %f%n", icent, ifreq asig vco2 ivel*.5, ifreq outs asig, asig endin </CsInstruments> <CsScore> f 0 60 ;run for 60 seconds e </CsScore> </CsoundSynthesizer>