*

* — Multiplication operator.

Description

Arithmetic operators perform operations of change-sign (negate), don't-change-sign, logical AND logical OR, add, subtract, multiply and divide. Note that a value or an expression may fall between two of these operators, either of which could take it as its left or right argument, as in


a + b * c.
      

In such cases three rules apply:

1. * and / bind to their neighbors more strongly than + and −. Thus the above expression is taken as

  
a + (b * c)
      

with * taking b and c and then + taking a and b * c.

2. + and bind more strongly than &&, which in turn is stronger than ||:

  
a && b - c || d
      

is taken as

  
(a && (b - c)) || d
      

3. When both operators bind equally strongly, the operations are done left to right:

  
a - b - c
      

is taken as

  
(a - b) - c
      

Parentheses may be used as above to force particular groupings.

Syntax

a *  b  (no rate restriction)

where the arguments a and b may be further expressions.

Arguments

The arguments of * can be scalar values or k-rate one dimensional arrays (vectors), or any combination. If one of the arguments is an array, so is the value.

Examples

Here is an example of the * operator. It uses the file multiplies.csd.

Example 23. Example of the * operator.

See the sections Real-time Audio and Command Line Flags for more information on using command line flags.

<CsoundSynthesizer>
<CsOptions>
; Select audio/midi flags here according to platform
-odac     ;;;realtime audio out
;-iadc    ;;;uncomment -iadc if realtime audio input is needed too
; For Non-realtime ouput leave only the line below:
; -o multiplies.wav -W ;;; for file output any platform
</CsOptions>
<CsInstruments>

sr = 44100
ksmps = 32
nchnls = 2
0dbfs  = 1

instr 1

kenv    expon 0.01, p3, 1
aout    poscil	0.8*kenv, 440, 1	;multiply amplitude from 0 to 1 * 0.8
printks "base amplitude * rising expon output = 0.8 * %f\n", .1, kenv
	outs 	aout, aout
endin

</CsInstruments>
<CsScore>

f 1 0 16384 10 1	; sine wave

i 1 0 2

e

</CsScore>
</CsoundSynthesizer>


Its output should include a line like this:


base amplitude * rising expon output = 0.8 * 0.010000
base amplitude * rising expon output = 0.8 * 0.012589
..........
base amplitude * rising expon output = 0.8 * 0.794328
base amplitude * rising expon output = 0.8 * 0.998466

See also

Arithmetic and Logic Operations

Credits

Arithmetic on vectors is new in version 6.00