Description

Arithmetic operators perform operations of change-sign (negate), don't-change-sign, logical AND logical OR, add, subtract, multiply and divide. Note that a value or an expression may fall between two of these operators, either of which could take it as its left or right argument, as in

In such cases three rules apply:

1. * and / bind to their neighbors more strongly than + and −. Thus the above expression is taken as

with * taking b and c and then + taking a and b * c.

2. + and − bind more strongly than &&, which in turn is stronger than ||:

is taken as

3. When both operators bind equally strongly, the operations are done left to right:

is taken as

Parentheses may be used as above to force particular groupings.

The operator ^ raises a to the b power. b may not be audio-rate. Use with caution as precedence may not work correctly. See pow. (New in Csound version 3.493.)

Syntax

a ^  b  (b not audio-rate)

where the arguments a and b may be further expressions.

Examples

Here is an example of the ^ operator. It uses the file raises.csd.

<CsoundSynthesizer>
<CsOptions>
; Select audio/midi flags here according to platform
-odac     ;;;realtime audio out
;-iadc    ;;;uncomment -iadc if RT audio input is needed too
; For Non-realtime ouput leave only the line below:
;-o ^.wav        ; output to audio file
</CsOptions>
<CsInstruments>

sr = 44100
ksmps = 32
nchnls = 2
0dbfs  = 1
  
instr 1	; Lo-Fi sound

kpow	  = 10						;exponent
kbase	  line 1, p3, 2.2				;vary the base
kQuantize = kbase^kpow
kQuantize = kQuantize*0.5				;half the number of steps for each side of a bipolar signal
printk2	  kQuantize
asig	  diskin2 "fox.wav", 1, 0, 1			;loop the fox
asig	  = round(asig * kQuantize) / kQuantize		;quantize and scale audio signal
	  outs asig, asig  

endin
</CsInstruments>
<CsScore>

i1 0 19.2

e
</CsScore>
</CsoundSynthesizer>

Its output should include lines like these:

 i1     0.50000
 i1     0.50021
 i1     0.50042
......
 i1  1327.49320
 i1  1327.74465

See also

Arithmetic and Logic Operations