-

- — Subtraction operator.

Description

Arithmetic operators perform operations of change-sign (negate), don't-change-sign, logical AND logical OR, add, subtract, multiply and divide. Note that a value or an expression may fall between two of these operators, either of which could take it as its left or right argument, as in


a + b * c.
      

In such cases three rules apply:

1. * and / bind to their neighbors more strongly than + and −. Thus the above expression is taken as

  
a + (b * c)
      

with * taking b and c and then + taking a and b * c.

2. + and bind more strongly than &&, which in turn is stronger than ||:

  
a && b - c || d
      

is taken as

  
(a && (b - c)) || d
      

3. When both operators bind equally strongly, the operations are done left to right:

  
a - b - c
      

is taken as

  
(a - b) - c
      

Parentheses may be used as above to force particular groupings.

Syntax

a  (no rate restriction)
a  b  (no rate restriction)

where the arguments a and b may be further expressions.

Arguments

The arguments of − can be scalar values or k-rate one dimensional arrays (vectors), or any combination. If one of the arguments is an array, so is the value.

Examples

Here is an example of the - operator. It uses the file subtracts.csd.

Example 25. Example of the - operator.

See the sections Real-time Audio and Command Line Flags for more information on using command line flags.

<CsoundSynthesizer>
<CsOptions>
; Select audio/midi flags here according to platform
; Audio out   Audio in    No messages
-odac    ;;;realtime audio I/O
; For Non-realtime ouput leave only the line below:
; -o -.wav -W ;;; for file output any platform
</CsOptions>
<CsInstruments>

sr = 44100
ksmps = 32
nchnls = 2
0dbfs  = 1

instr 1

idur = p3
iatt = p4
idec = p5
isus = p3-iatt-idec				;calculate sustain time from subtracting attack and decay
printf_i "sutain time= note duration - attack - decay --> %.1f-%.1f-%.1f = %.1f\n", 1, idur, iatt, idec, isus

kenv expseg 0.01, iatt, 1, isus, 1, idec, 0.01	;envelope
asig poscil 1*kenv, 200, 1
     outs asig, asig

endin
</CsInstruments>
<CsScore>
f 1 0 4096 10 1	;sine wave
;      attack decay
i 1 0 3 .1     .2
i 1 4 3 .5    1.5
i 1 8 5  4     .5

e
</CsScore>
</CsoundSynthesizer>


Its output should include lines like these:

sutain time= note duration - attack - decay --> 3.0-0.1-0.2 = 2.7
sutain time= note duration - attack - decay --> 3.0-0.5-1.5 = 1.0
sutain time= note duration - attack - decay --> 5.0-4.0-0.5 = 0.5

See also

Arithmetic and Logic Operations

Credits

Arithmetic on vectors is new in version 6.00